Tissues Question Paper

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Tissues Question Paper - 80 Marks

SCIENCE - TISSUES

Class: IX | Total Marks: 80 | Time: 2.5 Hours

General Instructions: Attempt all questions. Choose the correct option for MCQs.

SECTION A: MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS (1 Mark Each) [10 Marks]
1. Which of the following is a meristematic tissue?
[1 Mark]
(a) Parenchyma
(b) Apical meristem
(c) Xylem
(d) Sclerenchyma
2. Which tissue makes the plant hard and stiff?
[1 Mark]
(a) Parenchyma
(b) Collenchyma
(c) Sclerenchyma
(d) Epidermis
3. Guard cells are part of which tissue?
[1 Mark]
(a) Xylem
(b) Epidermis
(c) Phloem
(d) Parenchyma
4. Which of the following is NOT a type of animal tissue?
[1 Mark]
(a) Epithelial tissue
(b) Connective tissue
(c) Vascular tissue
(d) Nervous tissue
5. Which cells have dense cytoplasm and lack vacuoles?
[1 Mark]
(a) Parenchyma cells
(b) Meristematic cells
(c) Epidermal cells
(d) Sclerenchyma cells
6. Blood is an example of which tissue?
[1 Mark]
(a) Epithelial tissue
(b) Connective tissue
(c) Muscular tissue
(d) Nervous tissue
7. Which type of muscle tissue is found in the heart?
[1 Mark]
(a) Striated muscle
(b) Smooth muscle
(c) Cardiac muscle
(d) Skeletal muscle
8. The nerve cells are called:
[1 Mark]
(a) Neurites
(b) Neurons
(c) Synapses
(d) Ganglia
9. Which tissue transports water and minerals in plants?
[1 Mark]
(a) Phloem
(b) Xylem
(c) Cambium
(d) Cork
10. Tendons connect:
[1 Mark]
(a) Bone to bone
(b) Muscle to bone
(c) Nerve to muscle
(d) Blood vessels to organs
SECTION B: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS (2-3 Marks Each) [30 Marks]
11. Define tissue. Why are tissues important in multicellular organisms?
[3 Marks]
12. Differentiate between parenchyma and sclerenchyma tissues based on their cell walls and functions.
[3 Marks]
13. What are stomata? Name the cells that regulate the opening and closing of stomata.
[2 Marks]
14. Name the three types of meristematic tissue and mention their locations in the plant.
[3 Marks]
15. What is the difference between simple and complex permanent tissues in plants?
[2 Marks]
16. List the main components of phloem tissue and their functions.
[3 Marks]
17. What is the function of epidermis in plants? Name the protective substances present in desert plant epidermis.
[2 Marks]
18. Describe the structure and location of cork tissue. Why is it important?
[3 Marks]
19. What are the main types of epithelial tissue in animals? Give one example of each.
[3 Marks]
20. Differentiate between ligaments and tendons based on their structure and function.
[2 Marks]
SECTION C: LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS (4-5 Marks Each) [40 Marks]
21. Explain with diagrams the structure and functions of the three types of simple permanent tissues in plants. How does each tissue contribute to plant survival?
[5 Marks]
22. Describe the structure of xylem tissue. Explain how it is adapted for transporting water and minerals vertically in plants.
[4 Marks]
23. What are the differences between plants and animals in terms of tissue organization? Explain how these differences relate to their different lifestyles.
[5 Marks]
24. Compare and contrast striated, smooth, and cardiac muscles based on their structure, location, and function in the human body.
[5 Marks]
25. Describe the various types of connective tissues found in the human body. Explain how the matrix composition relates to the function of each tissue.
[5 Marks]
26. Draw and label a neuron. Explain the structure and functions of its main components (axon, dendrite, cell body, and nerve ending).
[4 Marks]
27. Explain how epithelial tissues are adapted for their protective and absorptive functions. Give examples of different types and their specific locations.
[5 Marks]
28. What is differentiation in plants? Explain how meristematic tissue transforms into permanent tissue during plant growth.
[4 Marks]

ANSWER KEY & EXPLANATION

SECTION A: ANSWERS
1. Answer: (b) Apical meristem
Explanation: Meristematic tissue is the dividing tissue present in growing regions. Apical meristem is found at the tips of stems and roots. Parenchyma, xylem, and sclerenchyma are all permanent tissues.
2. Answer: (c) Sclerenchyma
Explanation: Sclerenchyma cells have thick, lignified walls and are dead at maturity. They provide mechanical strength to plants. The husk of coconut is made of sclerenchymatous tissue.
3. Answer: (b) Epidermis
Explanation: Guard cells are kidney-shaped cells found in the epidermis surrounding stomata. They regulate the opening and closing of stomata for gas exchange.
4. Answer: (c) Vascular tissue
Explanation: Vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) is a plant tissue, not an animal tissue. The four main types of animal tissues are epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.
5. Answer: (b) Meristematic cells
Explanation: Meristematic cells are actively dividing cells with dense cytoplasm, thin cell walls, prominent nuclei, and lack vacuoles to accommodate the nucleus and organelles needed for cell division.
6. Answer: (b) Connective tissue
Explanation: Blood is a connective tissue with a fluid matrix (plasma) containing red blood corpuscles, white blood corpuscles, and platelets. It transports gases, nutrients, and waste materials.
7. Answer: (c) Cardiac muscle
Explanation: Cardiac muscle is found exclusively in the heart. These are involuntary muscles that show rhythmic contractions. They are branched, cylindrical, and uninucleate.
8. Answer: (b) Neurons
Explanation: Neurons are the basic units of nervous tissue. They consist of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon, enabling transmission of nerve impulses throughout the body.
9. Answer: (b) Xylem
Explanation: Xylem is a complex permanent tissue consisting of tracheids, vessels, xylem parenchyma, and xylem fibers. It transports water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant.
10. Answer: (b) Muscle to bone
Explanation: Tendons are fibrous connective tissues that connect muscles to bones, enabling movement. Ligaments connect bones to bones.
SECTION B: ANSWERS
11. Definition and Importance of Tissues
Definition: A tissue is a group of cells that are similar in structure and work together to achieve a particular function.
Importance in multicellular organisms:
  • Division of labour: Different tissues perform specific functions efficiently
  • Specialization: Cells specialize in one function and perform it very efficiently
  • Organization: Tissues are grouped together at definite locations to achieve high efficiency
  • Coordination: Tissues work together to maintain body functions
For example: In humans, muscle tissue contracts to cause movement, nerve cells carry messages, and blood transports oxygen and nutrients.
12. Parenchyma vs. Sclerenchyma
Feature Parenchyma Sclerenchyma
Cell Wall Thin cell walls Thick, lignified walls
Cell Status Living cells Dead cells at maturity
Lumen Large internal space No internal space
Function Storage of food and photosynthesis Provides mechanical strength
Location Throughout the plant body Stems, seed coats, coconut husk
13. Stomata and Guard Cells
Stomata: Small pores found in the epidermis of leaves that are necessary for exchanging gases (CO₂ and O₂) with the atmosphere. Transpiration (loss of water as water vapor) also occurs through stomata.
Guard Cells: Kidney-shaped cells that enclose stomata. They regulate the opening and closing of stomata, thereby controlling gas exchange and water loss.
14. Types and Locations of Meristematic Tissue
Type Location Function
Apical Meristem Growing tips of stems and roots Increases length of stem and root
Lateral Meristem (Cambium) Between xylem and phloem in vascular bundles Increases girth/diameter of stem and root
Intercalary Meristem Near the nodes in some plants Increases length of internodes
15. Simple vs. Complex Permanent Tissues
Simple Permanent Tissues:
  • Made of only one type of cells
  • All cells appear similar in structure
  • Examples: Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
Complex Permanent Tissues:
  • Made of more than one type of cells
  • Cells differ in structure and function
  • All cell types coordinate to perform a common function
  • Examples: Xylem and Phloem
16. Components and Functions of Phloem
Component Function
Sieve Tubes Tubular cells with perforated walls for transporting food
Companion Cells Living cells that assist sieve tubes
Sieve Cells Found in lower plants; similar function to sieve tubes
Phloem Parenchyma Stores food (living cells)
Phloem Fibres Provides mechanical support (dead cells)
Main Function: Transport of food (sugars and organic compounds) from leaves to other parts of the plant.
17. Function of Epidermis and Desert Plant Adaptations
Functions of Epidermis:
  • Protects all parts of the plant
  • Contains stomata for gas exchange
  • In roots, contains root hairs for water absorption
  • Secretes waxy layer for water resistance
Desert Plant Adaptations: Desert plants have a thick waxy coating of cutin on the epidermis, which is a waterproof substance that reduces water loss through evaporation.
18. Cork Tissue: Structure, Location, and Importance
Structure: Cork is formed by a secondary meristem called cork cambium. It consists of dead, compactly arranged cells without intercellular spaces. Cork cells contain suberin, a waterproof substance in their walls.
Location: Found in the cortex of older plants, forming layers beneath the ruptured epidermis.
Importance:
  • Provides protection to the plant
  • Prevents water loss (suberin makes it impervious to gases and water)
  • Protects against mechanical injury and pathogenic invasion
  • Replaces epidermis as the outer protective layer in older plants
19. Types of Epithelial Tissue with Examples
Type Description Example Location
Squamous Epithelium Flat, thin cells forming delicate lining Blood vessel lining, lung alveoli
Stratified Squamous Multiple layers of flat cells Skin, mouth lining
Cuboidal Epithelium Cube-shaped cells Kidney tubules, salivary gland ducts
Columnar Epithelium Tall, pillar-like cells Small intestine lining
Ciliated Columnar Columnar with hair-like cilia Respiratory tract
20. Ligaments vs. Tendons
Feature Ligaments Tendons
Connection Connect bone to bone Connect muscle to bone
Elasticity Very elastic tissue Limited flexibility
Strength Considerable strength Great/high strength
Matrix Content Contains very little matrix Fibrous tissue
Function Support and allow movement at joints Enable muscle contraction to move bones
SECTION C: ANSWERS
21. Three Types of Simple Permanent Tissues in Plants
1. PARENCHYMA:
  • Structure: Consists of relatively unspecialized cells with thin cell walls
  • Characteristics: Living cells, loosely arranged with large intercellular spaces
  • Function: Storage of food, photosynthesis (chlorenchyma), floating in aquatic plants (aerenchyma)
  • Contribution to survival: Provides energy storage and produces glucose through photosynthesis
2. COLLENCHYMA:
  • Structure: Elongated cells with irregularly thickened corners
  • Characteristics: Living cells with very little intercellular space
  • Function: Provides mechanical support and flexibility
  • Location: Leaf stalks and stems of climbers
  • Contribution to survival: Allows plants to bend without breaking (important for twining plants)
3. SCLERENCHYMA:
  • Structure: Long, narrow cells with thick, lignified walls
  • Characteristics: Dead cells at maturity with no internal space (lumen)
  • Function: Provides strength and rigidity to plant parts
  • Location: Stems, around vascular bundles, leaf veins, seed coats, nuts
  • Contribution to survival: Makes plants hard and stiff, protecting seeds and providing structural support for upright growth
Summary: Together, these tissues enable plants to store energy (parenchyma), bend without damage (collenchyma), and maintain structural integrity (sclerenchyma).
22. Structure and Function of Xylem Tissue
COMPONENTS OF XYLEM:
  • Tracheids: Tubular structures with thick walls and pits; dead cells when mature
  • Vessels: Tubular structures with perforated end walls; dead cells when mature
  • Xylem Parenchyma: Living cells that store food
  • Xylem Fibres: Dead cells providing support
STRUCTURAL ADAPTATIONS FOR WATER TRANSPORT:
  • Tubular Structure: The hollow tubular form creates continuous columns for water movement
  • Thick Walls: Provide mechanical support to withstand water pressure
  • Dead Cells: No living protoplasm to obstruct water flow
  • Perforation Plates: Allow water to move from one vessel to the next
  • Pits in Tracheids: Allow lateral water movement between cells
VERTICAL TRANSPORT: Xylem transports water and minerals absorbed from soil upward to all parts of the plant against gravity. This occurs through capillary action and root pressure.
23. Differences in Tissue Organization Between Plants and Animals
Feature Plants Animals
Lifestyle Stationary/fixed; sedentary existence Mobile; active locomotion
Growth Pattern Limited to certain regions (localized) More uniform throughout body
Tissue Types Meristematic (dividing) and Permanent No such division of tissues
Support Tissue Large quantity of dead supportive tissue Mostly living tissues
Energy Consumption Lower energy requirements Higher energy requirements
Organ System Less specialized organ organization Highly specialized and localized organ systems
RELATIONSHIP TO LIFESTYLE:
  • Plants: Must remain upright and resist gravity, so they develop extensive dead tissue (sclerenchyma) for support. Growth is localized in meristematic regions.
  • Animals: Need to move rapidly and consume more energy. Most tissues are living. They have complex organ systems for digestion, circulation, and movement.
  • Feeding Methods: Plants are photosynthetic and produce their own food. Animals must hunt/consume other organisms, requiring coordinated movement and sensory systems.
24. Comparison of Muscle Tissues
Feature Striated (Skeletal) Smooth (Involuntary) Cardiac
Appearance Alternate light and dark bands; striations visible No striation; smooth appearance Light and dark bands; striations visible
Cell Shape Long, cylindrical, unbranched Spindle-shaped with pointed ends Cylindrical, branched
Nuclei Multinucleate (many nuclei) Uninucleate (single nucleus) Uninucleate (single nucleus)
Control Voluntary (conscious control) Involuntary (no conscious control) Involuntary (rhythmic)
Location Attached to bones; limbs Blood vessels, alimentary canal, iris, ureters, bronchi Heart only
Function Body movement (walking, running, etc.) Movement of food in GI tract, blood vessel contraction Pumping of blood (rhythmic contractions)
Contraction Speed Fast and powerful Slow and sustained Rhythmic and continuous
Key Difference: The presence or absence of striations corresponds to the type of movement required. Striated muscles provide rapid, controlled movement, while smooth muscles provide slow, sustained contractions, and cardiac muscles maintain continuous rhythmic beating.
25. Types of Connective Tissues and Matrix Composition
1. BLOOD:
  • Matrix: Fluid matrix called plasma (liquid)
  • Cells: RBCs, WBCs, and platelets
  • Function: Transports oxygen, food, hormones, and waste materials; immune defense
2. BONE:
  • Matrix: Hard matrix composed of calcium and phosphorus compounds
  • Property: Strong and non-flexible
  • Function: Supports body framework, anchors muscles, protects organs
3. CARTILAGE:
  • Matrix: Solid matrix of proteins and sugars
  • Property: Flexible and elastic; can be bent
  • Function: Smooths bone surfaces at joints; present in nose, ear, trachea, larynx
4. LIGAMENT:
  • Matrix: Very little matrix; fibrous
  • Property: Very elastic with considerable strength
  • Function: Connects bones to bones at joints
5. TENDON:
  • Matrix: Fibrous tissue with little matrix
  • Property: Great strength but limited flexibility
  • Function: Connects muscles to bones
6. AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
  • Location: Between skin and muscles, around blood vessels and nerves, in bone marrow
  • Function: Fills space, supports organs, aids in tissue repair
7. ADIPOSE TISSUE:
  • Structure: Cells filled with fat globules
  • Location: Below skin and between internal organs
  • Function: Stores energy; acts as insulator
Relationship to Function: The matrix composition directly reflects the function. Fluid blood matrix allows transport, hard bone matrix provides support, flexible cartilage allows joint movement, and elastic ligaments provide stability.
26. Structure and Function of a Neuron
[DIAGRAM WOULD SHOW: A typical neuron with labeled parts]
MAIN COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS:
  • Cell Body: Contains the nucleus and cytoplasm; processes nerve impulses
  • Dendrites: Short, branched processes that receive signals from other neurons; conduct impulses toward the cell body
  • Axon: Single long fiber that transmits signals away from the cell body; can be up to a meter long
  • Nerve Ending: Terminal branches of the axon that transmit signals to the next neuron's dendrites across synaptic gaps
OVERALL FUNCTION: Neurons receive stimuli through dendrites, process them in the cell body, and transmit signals through the axon. Nerve impulses allow rapid communication throughout the body, enabling sensation, thought, and movement.
27. Epithelial Tissues: Adaptation and Examples
ADAPTATIONS FOR PROTECTION:
  • Cells are tightly packed with minimal intercellular spaces
  • Form continuous layers or sheets
  • Outer and side walls are often thicker than inner walls
  • Multiple layers provide increased durability (stratified squamous in skin)
ADAPTATIONS FOR ABSORPTION:
  • Tall columnar cells in intestinal lining increase surface area
  • Cells are selectively permeable, regulating what enters/exits
  • Single layer allows efficient absorption